My First Journey By Thomas Nagel - 2559 Words

Our first journey. Probably the best introduction to the world of Philosophy is to think about the most important questions of it. As if suddenly we wake up, and opening our eyes to a new kind of questionable reality, What it all matters, from Thomas Nagel, makes a change into our perspectives and way of seen life. The distinguished author, who ´s brilliant career has been developed on the most important Universities, such as Harvard, Cornell and Oxford. This outstanding work involves the student into the beginning of a universe of inquiry. On that way, Nagel sets the student in front of the central problems of philosophy, as an invitation to grow intellectually and to search and question always the truth and the reality. In the text, nine†¦show more content†¦How much of free will do we have above the determined things in our lives? And finally, what is the true meaning of life? The uncognoscible reality. Everything we experience, from the moment we wake up, and even while we are still sleeping, are stimulus being processed by our own brain. Human beings do not have any other mean to cognosce the environment that surrounds them. Similarly, a person can only obtain with a certain precision the reflection of what exist outside his or her mind. If we accept that statement as truth, then how sure can anyone be of his or her personal perception of the world? Obviously, no one perceives the world exactly the same (i.e.: females tend to possess a more extended palette of visible colors). In his book, Nagel present before us a variety of questions related whit this logic. He tries to explain several problems that we can face when trying to prove that what we perceive about the world actually exists. First, he introduce us a radical view related with these questions called solipsism, which is the belief that our mind is the only thing that exist. The strongest argume nt of this view is that we cannot prove that our perception is an effect of reality, making possible the idea that is exactly the opposite, and what we call reality is indeed the projection of our own mind. This problem will persist as long as an entity that can only obtain a fragment of all that actually exists question itself about if

Essay on I have a dream - 748 Words

I Have a Dream Martin Luther King 1.Comment on the language and style of King’s speech â€Å"I Have a Dream†. The speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† was delivered by Martin Luther King on the occasion of the centenary celebrations of Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation on 28th August 1963. The speech was dramatically delivered on the steps of Lincoln Memorial and it was witnessed by about two million people. This speech is often considered to be one of the greatest and notable speeches in history and the top American speech of the 20th century. A careful analysis of the speech reveals that it is well researched and skillfully organized. It falls into two parts- the first part portrays the American nightmare of racial injustice , the second†¦show more content†¦The speech was dramatically delivered on the steps of Lincoln Memorial and it was witnessed by about two million people. This speech is often considered to be one of the greatest and notable speeches in history and the top American speech of the 20th century. King envisaged the following developments in America for a better future for the Negroes. He felt that all men were created equal by God. In future the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners would sit at the table of brotherhood. There would be freedom and justice. Their children would not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of character. Similarly the boys and girls of whites would hold the hands of the boys and girls of Negroes. 4.What is the American dream and how does king relate his dream to the American dream? The speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† was delivered by Martin Luther King on the occasion of the centenary celebrations of Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation on 28th August 1963. The speech was dramatically delivered on the steps of Lincoln Memorial and it was witnessed by about two million people. This speech is often considered to be one of the greatest and notable speeches in history and the top American speech of the 20th century. King envisaged the following developments in America for a better future for the Negroes. He felt that all men wereShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of I Have Dream838 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King s I Have a Dream: Critical Thinking Analysis Charles Briscoe PRST 3301 16 October 2012 In Martin Luther King Jr. s seminal 1963 speech I Have a Dream, King uses a number of critical thinking processes in order to present his argument. On the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, at the height of the Civil Rights Movement, King delivered a speech that is remembered now as one of the most significant pieces of oratory in the 20th century. His call was for blacks and whitesRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis: of I Have a Dream Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesIn Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream speech, King makes use of an innumerable amount of rhetorical devices that augment the overall understanding and flow of the speech. King makes the audience feel an immense amount of emotion due to the outstanding use of pathos in his speech. King also generates a vast use of rhetorical devices including allusion, anaphora, and antithesis. The way that King conducted his speech adds to the comprehension and gives the effect that he wants to rise above the injusticesRead MoreMartin Lu ther Kings I Have a Dream Speech1849 Words   |  8 Pagesorganized civil rights activities throughout the United States. In August 1963, he led the great march on Washington, where he delivered this memorable speech in front of 250,000 people gathered by the Lincoln Memorial. Martin Luther King Jr. â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is one of the most memorable speeches that has ever been given. His speech was inspiring and uplifting to many negro citizens of the 1960’s. King presented his speech because even though the Declaration of Independence stated that â€Å"allRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech987 Words   |  4 PagesIn a period of time where few were willing to listen, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood proudly, gathered and held the attention of over 200,000 people. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was very effective and motivational for African Americans in 1963. Many factors affected Kings’ speech in a very positive manner; the great emotion behind the words, delivering the speech on the steps of the memorial of the President who defeated slavery. And not only was this message beautifully writtenRead MoreLiterary Techniques of Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech1223 Words   |  5 Pagesmomentous I Have a Dream speech. This speech demanded racial justice towards the mistreated black community of America. The theme of the speech was that all humans were created equal and that this should be the case for the future of America. Kings words proved to touch the hearts of millions of people and gave the nation a vocabulary to express what was happening to the black Americans. This did not happen by chance. Martin Luther Kings speech was carefully constructed so it would have the mostRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech810 Words   |  4 Pages1963. He delivered the â€Å"I Have a dream† speech on the Lincoln Memorial steps. He verbalized this speech to millions of people blacks and whites. This is one of the greatest speeches because it has many elements like repetition, assonance and consonance, pathos, logos, and ethos. Repetition in M.L.K.’s Speech Martin Luther King uses a lot of repetition in his speech. They are scattered throughout but very close. One of the repetitions in his speech is â€Å"I have a dream.† He uses this phraseRead MoreI Have a Dream Speech by Dr. Martin L. King, Jr.1129 Words   |  5 Pageson the speech †I Have a Dream† by Martin L. King, Jr. August 28, 1963 was a day that will never be forgotten, in particular not by the citizens of Washington, DC. The city where the great Lincoln memorial gazes across the reflecting pool. Where Lincoln himself, recreated in stone, is looking at the visitors of the city as a president who will never leave his position. At exactly that day and exactly that spot Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his most famous speech â€Å"I Have a Dream†. Martin LutherRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1089 Words   |  5 PagesThe famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech delivered by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the historic March in Washington in August 1963 effectively urged the US government to take actions and to finally set up equality between the black and white people in America. Although there were many factors that contributed to the success of the speech, it was primarily King’s masterly use of different rhetorical instruments that encouraged Kennedy and his team to take further steps towards racial equality. King effectivelyRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr: I Have a Dream Speech Critique Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesI HAVE A DREAM SPEECH CRITIQUE This speech took place on August 28, 1963 millions of citizens, children, law and policy makers attended while 250,000 watched on TV as a Baptist Preacher ,a Boston University Graduate Dr, Martin Luther King stood behind a podium. He established an immediate rapport with an ever changing audience and communicated on a meaningful level, by appealing to moral conscience of Americans standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. He gave the rhetorical demandsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech994 Words   |  4 Pageseveryone as it was a welcoming gesture that was meant to show that both the audience and King were positioned on the same level and although they came from varying levels of education and economic statuses, Kings immediate listeners all shared a common dream, racial equality. This factor most likely made the audience feel that they were equally as important as the great leader in the fight for racial equality. Referring to the listeners, it is also important to note the fact that supporters of changes

Communication as an Essential Part of Nursing

Question: What is communication and why is it essential part of nursing? Answer: Communication is very important in the career of nursing. Here it can be said that effective communication process can help in achieving a better access to patients and it builds up a better relationship between the patients and the nurses. By communication process the information are exchanged with the people. Nursing is the profession where the communication is more important because they are needed to communicate with the patient, the family of patient, the co-workers of nurses, supervisors, and many others ('tabnner's nursing care', 2015). Here some of the skills in nursing can be identified and discussed. One of the most important skills in nurse is listening. Active listening is one of the communication skills which are used in patient care. Active listening needs thelistenerto comment what they hear to the speaker. Because of the health issues active listening plays major role in nursing profession ('Therapeutic Communication Techniques', 2015). Attending skill is an essential part of communication which means the nurse gives her full attention in the patient. There are several features of attending skills like the nurse should have open posture and availability to the patient, they should involve with the patient, the eye contact between nurse and patient is also very important and the nurse should always try to be relaxed with their patient. There are certain ingredients of therapeutic communication. The key ingredients to therapeutic communication in nursing are sharing hope, active listening, sharing observation s, sharing empathy, focusing, clarifying, silence, providing information, sharing feeling, sharing humor, confrontation, self- disclosure, summarizing, paraphrasing and asking relevant questions. The key features in verbal communication are good interviewing skill, speech related gesture, effective speaking, encourage others and summarizing the major communication part. Communication is not only an essential part of nursing it is an essential part in every aspect. Nursing provides both physical and mental care to the patient and sometimes also to their clients who suffered a loss or who requires mental support. In that respect an effective communication not only helps the patient but also to their families. Nurses are the representative of a health institution and they are the main staff who has to directly communicate to the clients of the organization thus it is effected that effective communication will build a good relationship in between the organization and the clients. Today the concept of leadership has entered into the field of nursing and nurses are provided various training program in order to enhance their skills in leadership. Leadership requires effective communication so as to guide other nurses on what to do, on planning and implementing a strategy for providing enhanced form of healthcare for their clients. One of the most important tools for an effective communication is feedback and without feedback a communication is ineffective. Feedback for a healthcare system is important because without feedback an organization cannot understand where the problem lies and how it can be overcome. In that case only a nurse can avail direct interaction with the clients and understand their needs. Only nursing can avail scope for interaction and collect feedback for from patients on what improvement is needed and what can be considered. Positive body languagecan bedefinedas these nonverbal activities and signs that are communicating concern, passion, andpositive reactions to what some else are saying. Positive body language is very important in health care system because the patient and family of a patient both are dependent on the successful communication between them. There are two types of questioning. Those are closed- ended question and open- ended question. Open questions widen the range for reply since they insist further conversation and amplification. The answer of open question is very long and the answer is more specific than the closed question. The scope of Self expression and confidence of nurses are better in open- ended question. The patient should ask questions to the nurse in very less and more prominent words in the Para- phrasing. Para- phrasing is the one of the key ingredient in therapeutic communication techniques (Health.vic.gov.au, 2015). Sometimes silence of a patient is more important for a patient and their family. The patient party only wants the presence of nurse. There is no need to talk all-time. Specifically in case of critical patient silence is more essential. At that time presence is more important to the patient and their family. Empathy is a complex concept which is communicated to clients by some process. Those are ability to understand the patient's situation, perspective, and feelings, ability to act on that understanding with the patient in a supportive way and capacity to communicate that understanding and check its perfection (Kourkouta Papathanasiou, 2014). There are many boundaries which should not cross in nursing. The nurse crosses the self- disclosures mostly today. There are various types of nurse self-disclosure: accidental deliberate and unavoidable. Deliberate nurse self-disclosure can direct to puzzle patients and may damage patient nurse relationship. Patients can feel loaded by the nurses disclosure (2011-2015, 2015). The communication skill is very important for the conversation between family of patient and the nurse. The purpose of the use of humor in communication is to identify the process to ease a positive and productive learning environment for nurses. Assertive communication is a communication in which the impact of communication based on mutual respect. The style of this communication is diplomatic and effective communication style. It is challenging for a nurse to communicate with a patient in an emergency condition. The nurse should deliver accurate information to the patient and the family of a patient (Researcha rchive.vuw.ac.nz, 2015). It is the way of restricting the negative out comes and increasing positive outcomes. By conflict resolution a patient and doctor together can find a pleasant solution (Nursingcenter.com, 2015). In conclusion it can be said that the contributing factors to nursing errors are equipment injuries, documenting errors and medication errors. The documentation is very important in career of nursing. Because of any wrong documentation the patient may suffer. The role of nurse is very crucial because it is related to our health (Nursetogether.com, 2011). The patient is able to discuss the event publicly in open disclosure process. According to open disclosure if a harmful event is happened while the patient was receiving health care, the nurse should inform the patient or the family of patient. References 2011-2015, (. (2015).Verbal Communication Skills | SkillsYouNeed.Skillsyouneed.com. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/verbal-communication.html Health.vic.gov.au,. (2015).Open disclosure framework: Clinical risk management - Department of Health, Victoria, Australia. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://health.vic.gov.au/clinrisk/opendisc.htm Kourkouta, L., Papathanasiou, I. (2014). Communication in Nursing Practice.Materia Socio Medica,26(1), 65. doi:10.5455/msm.2014.26.65-67 Nursetogether.com,. (2011).The Importance of Empathy in Nursing | Nurse Articles | NurseTogether.com. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.nursetogether.com/the-importance-of-empathy-in-nursing Nursingcenter.com,. (2015).The Power of Silence. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/JournalArticle?Article_ID=685836 Researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz,. (2015).Nurse Talk: Features of effective verbal communication used by expert District Nurses. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/54/thesis.pdf?sequence=2 tabnner's nursing care. (2015). Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.elsevierhealth.com.au/media/anz/samplechapters/9780729541145/Tabbner%27sNursingCare_6e_9780729541145_Koutoukidis_Stainton_Hughson_SampleChapter_lores.pdf Therapeutic Communication Techniques. (2015). Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.snjourney.com/ClinicalInfo/PracticeAreas/Therapeutic_Communication_Techniques.pdf

Presocratic Philosophy free essay sample

Although Aristotle’s statement is too slight to serve as a sure foundation for judgment, it seems more likely that Thales was arguing for the broader presence of life forces in the world than most people imagined, rather than that the real in its totality is alive. Anaximander Thales’ younger contemporary from Miletus, Anaximander, born toward the end of the seventh century B. C. E. , found the explanatory principle of things in what he called ‘‘the apeiron,’’ a word that might be translated as ‘‘the indefinite,’’ ‘‘the boundless,’’ or both.This opens up the possibility that the apeiron is both immeasurably large in its temporal and physical extent and also qualitatively indefinite in that it is without measurable inner boundaries. The apeiron is further described, according to Aristotle, as being ‘‘without beginning,’’ ‘‘surrounding all things,’’ ‘‘steering all things,’’ ‘‘divine,’’ ‘‘immortal,’’ and ‘‘indestructible. ’’ Some have inferred that Anaximander’s barely concealed purpose was Western philosophy’s first attempt at demythologization. We will write a custom essay sample on Presocratic Philosophy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Equally striking is Anaximander’s description of the universe as a closed, concentric system, the outer spheres of which, by their everlasting motion, account for the stability of our earth, a drum-shaped body held everlastingly in a state of equipoise at the center. Whatever the inadequacy in certain details (the stars are placed nearer to the earth than the moon), with Anaximander the science of cosmological speculation took a giant step forward. As far as life on earth is concerned, Anaximander offered another striking hypothesis.The first living things, according to him, were ‘‘born in moisture, enclosed in thorny barks’’ (like sea urchins), and ‘‘as their age increased, they came forth onto the drier part’’ (as phrased by Aetius [first to second century C. E. ]). Pythagoras Although we know that Pythagoras was a historical figure, it is difficult to determine exactly what Pythagoras himself taught. He wrote nothing, and the ideas of other members of the community were attributed to him as a sign of respect and as a way of lending weight to the ideas.Plato and Aristotle rarely assign ideas to Pythagoras himself, although Pythagorean ideas seem to have influenced Plato’s philosophy. Pythagoreans asserted that number is the first principle of all things. They were the first systematic developers of mathematics in the West and discovered that natural events could be described in mathematical terms, especially as ratios. To the Pythagoreans, the â€Å"principle of number† accounted for everything. Number was a real thing. Somehow, numbers existed in space, not just as mental constructs.According to Pythagorean doctrine, the entire universe is an ordered whole consisting of harmonies of contrasting elements. The Greek for â€Å"ordered whole† is cosmos. The Pythagoreans were the first philosophers to use the term cosmos to refer to the universe in this way. The â€Å"celestial music of the spheres† is the hauntingly beautiful phrase the Pythagoreans coined to describe the sound of the heavens as they rotate according to cosmic number and harmony. Xenophanes A fourth Ionian philosopher, Xenophanes of Colophon, born around 580 B. C. E. , s the first we know of to overtly attack the anthropomorphism of popular religious belief, in a series of brilliant reductio ad absurdum arguments. His own view has been understood, ever since Aristotle, as pantheistic. Xenophanes was also the first philosopher we know of to ask what degree of knowledge is attainable. In B34 we read: ‘‘the clear and certain truth no man has seen, nor will there be anyone who knows about the gods and what I say about all things. ’’ Several ancient critics took this to be an indication of Xenophanes’ total scepticism. On this basis of moderate empiricism and scepticism, Xenophanes offered a number of opinions of varying plausibility about the natural world, one of which—a strong, evolutionary interpretation of the discovery on various islands of fossils of marine animals—is enough to constitute a major claim to fame in natural philosophy and ranks with his other significant steps in epistemology (the theory of knowledge dealing with what we know, how we know it, and how reliable our knowledge is), logic (the study of rational inquiry and argumentation), and natural theology (the attempt to understand God from natural knowledge).Heraclitus One of the most important and enigmatic of the Presocratics, Heraclitus (fl . 500 b. c. e. , d. 510–480 b. c. e. ), said that ignorance is bound to result when we try to understand the cosmos when we do not even comprehend the basic structure of the human psyche (soul) and its relationship to the Logos. The complex Greek word logos is intriguing.It could and at times did mean all of the following: â€Å"intelligence,† â€Å"speech,† â€Å"discourse,† â€Å"thought,† â€Å"reason,† â€Å"word,† â€Å"meaning,† â€Å"study of,† â€Å"the record of,† â€Å"the science of,† â€Å"the fundamental principles of,† â€Å"the basic principles and procedures of a particular discipline,† â€Å"those features of a thing that make it intelligible to us,† and â€Å"the rationale for a thing. † The Heraclitean capital L Logos is like God, only without the anthropomorphizing (humanizing) of the earlier philosophers and poets who attributed human qualities to the gods.According to Heraclitus’s imperso nal view of God, the Logos is a process, not an entity. As such, the Logos is unconcerned with individuals and human affairs, in much the same way that gravity affects us but is unconcerned with us. More radically yet, Heraclitus asserted that even though things appear to remain the same, â€Å"Change alone is unchanging. † Traditionally, it has been held that Heraclitus went so far as to claim that everything is always changing all the time. But whether he really meant that everything is always changing, or that individual things are held together by energy (change), remains unclear.Anaximenes Anaximander’s younger contemporary, Anaximenes, who lived during the sixth century B. C. E. appears to revert to a prior and less sophisticated vision in claiming that the earth, far from being a drum-shaped body held in equipoise at the center, is flat and ‘‘rides on,’’ supported by air. The same might be said of his contention that the basic, ‘‘divine’’ principle of things was not some indefinite entity but something very much part of our experience; namely, air.Anaximenes’ view would also no doubt have seemed to be corroborated by the fact that the universe, commonly understood as a living thing and hence needing a soul to vivify it, possessed in air that very ‘‘breath’’ that for most Greeks constituted the essence of such a soul. Parmenides Parmenides of Elea (fift h century b. c. e. ) radically transformed the early philosophers’ interest in cosmology, the study of the universe as a rationally ordered system (cosmos), into ontology, the study of being. By common agreement he was the giant among the pre-Socratics.According to Parmenides, none of his predecessors adequately accounted for the process by which the one basic stuff of the cosmos changes into the many individual things we experience every day. In his search for a solution to the problem of â€Å"the one and the many,† Parmenides turned to a reasoned analysis of the process of change itself. According to Parmenides, all sensations occur in the realm of appearance. This means that reality cannot be apprehended by the senses. Change and variety (the many) are only appearances; they are not real. If this is true, then our most commonly held beliefs about reality are mere opinions. The senses cannot recognize â€Å"what is,† much less can they discover—observe—it, ever. In other words, whatever we see, touch, taste, hear, or smell is not real, does not exist. Perhaps most unsettling of all, Parmenides â€Å"solved† the problem of the appearance of change by concluding—in direct opposition to Heraclitus’s insistence that everything is always changing—that the very concept of change is self-contradictory. What we think of as change is merely an illusion. The logic runs as follows: â€Å"Change† equals transformation into something else.When a thing becomes â€Å"something else,† it becomes what it is not. But since it is impossible for â€Å"nothing† (what is not) to exist, there is no â€Å"nothing† into which the old thing can disappear. (There is no â€Å"no place† for the thing to go into. ) Therefore, change cannot occur. Empedocles posited, against Parmenides, change and plurality as features of reality, but affirmed the eternality of anything that is real; the sphere-like nature of the real when looked at as a totality and the fact that the real is a plenum, containing no ‘‘nothingness’’ or ‘‘emptiness’’.Anaxagoras likewise posited change, plurality, and divisibility as features of reality, yet also affirmed the eternality of the real (understood by him as an eternally existent ‘‘mixture’’ of the ‘‘seeds’’ of the things currently constituting the world, rather than the eternal combinings and recombinings, according to certain ratios of admixture, of four eternally existent ‘‘roots’’ or elemental masses). Leucippus Leucippus of Miletus (c. fi ft h century b. c. e. ) and Democritus of Abdera (c. 460–370 b. . e. ) argued that reality consists entirely of empty space and ultimately simple entities that combine to form objects. T is materialistic view is known as atomism. Leucippus is credited with being the originator of atomism and Democritus with developing it. Rather than reject Parmenides’ assertion that change is an illusion, Leucippus argued that reality consists of many discrete â€Å"ones,† or beings. Zeno Zeno, who was born early in the fifth century B. C. E. , was a friend and pupil of Parmenides.In his famous paradoxes he attempted to show by a series of reductio ad absurdum arguments, of which the best known is perhaps that of Achilles and the tortoise, the self-contradictory consequences of maintaining that there is a real plurality of things or that motion or place are real. The prima facie brilliance of many of the arguments continues to impress people, though it soon becomes clear that the paradoxes turn largely on the failure or unwillingness of Zeno, like so many Pythagoreans of the day, to distinguish between the concepts of physical and geometrical space.Zeno’s way of constructing the problem makes it seem that his primary object is to defame pluralists by attacking the logical possibility of explaining how there can be motion in the world. Gorgias Gorgias has achieved fame for the stress he laid upon the art of persuasion (‘‘rhetoric’’), although whether he wrote the baffling On What Is Not as a serious piece of persuasive reasoning or as some sort of spoof of the Eleatic philosophy of Parmenides and others remains disputed.Its basic, and remarkable, claim is prima facie, that nothing in fact is (exists /is the case [esti] or is knowable or conceivable. Any exiguous plausibility that the arguments supporting this claim possess turns on our overlooking Gorgias’s failure, witting or unwitting, to distinguish carefully between knowing and thinking, along with his various uses of the verb ‘‘to be. ’’ If the failure was witting, the document can be seen as a skillful device for the spotting of fallacies as part of training in rhetoric and basic reasoning.If it was unwitting, Gorgias still emerges as what he was claimed to be—a deft rhetorical wordsmith on any topic proposed to him. Protagoras Perhaps the greatest of the Sophists was Protagoras of Abdera (481– 411 b. c. e. ). Protagoras was an archetypal Sophist: an active traveler and first-rate observer of other cultures who noted that although there are a variety of customs and beliefs, each culture believes unquestioningly that its own ways are right—and roundly condemns (or at least criticizes) views that differ from its own.Based on his observations and travels, Protagoras concluded that morals are nothing more than the social traditions, or mores, of a society or group. The details of Protagoras’s beliefs remain disputed. When he said, for example, that ‘‘anthropos [humanity] is a/the measure for all things, of things that are, that they are, and of things that are not, that they are not,’’ it is unclear whether he is talking about one person or the sum total of persons; about ‘‘a’’ measure or ‘‘the’’ measure (there is no definite article in Greek); or about existence or states of affairs or both.The Platonic reading in the Theaetetus, which takes ‘‘anthropos’’ as generic and ‘‘measure’’ as exclusive, led to the assertion that the logical consequence was total (and absurd) relativism. ______________________________ References: The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Richard H. Popkin. Columbia University Press. 1999. Archetypes of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy. 7th ed. Douglas J. Soccio. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2010.

Idolatry of Christianity

Idolatry of Christianity Introduction Modern Christianity has come under serious criticism from various religious organizations because of a growing culture of idolatry. Christianity applies in various brands that have been subject to accusations on idolatry (Benson 20). Christians, especially Roman Catholics have been accused of worshiping images of Jesus and the crucifix.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Idolatry of Christianity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Christianity is a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus, as embodied in the New Testament. The bible is very clear, on whom Christians should worship. The concept of idolatry applies differently today compared to ancient days (Johnson par. 5). Christianity has its own explanation of idolatry and use of images in churches. It explains idolatry as any practice of worshiping something that is not God (Benson 33). In the contex t of Christianity, anything includes material things, actions, and thoughts that make people to exhibit great independence in thought and action from God. For a long time, Christian worship has incorporated the use of icons and symbols, which has resulted in people developing different understandings on their use. Idolatry in Christianity applies when people use God’s given gifts and commandments to achieve selfish gains by acting to appear powerful and knowledgeable. Discussion One of the most controversial topics in development of religion is the elements of Christianity that apply as idolatrous. In the past, people considered idolatry to be the worship of statues and carved images, while modern explanation of the practice considers God’s commandments. It is important to understand various elements of idolatry, and ways that Christians can avoid the practice. It is important to understand that this practice goes beyond bowing down to sculptures, and involves lack of respect to God’s commandments (Johnson par. 8). In the past people worshiped sculptures, which critics argue to have modern representation in the image of Jesus and the crucifix. A crucifix represents the cross on which Jesus died. Modern Christians are very self-centered, greedy, and rebellious towards God (Mills 58). People are turning away from the biblical teachings that present God’s commandments to all believers. God communicates a lot with Christians through the bible. Exodus 20:3 says, â€Å"You shall not have any other gods before me.† Christians have decided to serve two masters at the same time (Mills 59). People have generated their own priorities that come before God for the sake of earthly gains. Christians have turned to worshiping money, if the number of churches and vague prophets emerging everyday is anything to go by (Neumaier par. 4). Luke 16:13 says, â€Å"No servant can serve two masters, for either he will hate one and love the other. He will devote to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and money.†Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Images in the Roman Catholic Church Images have been part of the Catholic religion for a many years. Most people have associated the use of images to depict Jesus, Saints, the holy family, and the crucifix as a form of idolatry (Barton 66). The history of images in Christianity dates back to the third century. However, due to growth experienced in the church in terms of popularity and numbers, images applied as one of the ways to teach new members about the religion (Seinfeld par. 9). Some of the images developed at the time included those of angels, the crucifix, saints, and prophets among others. Since then, use of images became part of teaching and worship among Catholics. Images also apply as form of decoration for churches. Images apply to explain va rious biblical stories that form the foundation of Christianity. Images used by Christians are just arbitrary signs that have acquired a conventional significance for representing something else that is invisible (Seinfeld par. 12). Unlike early forms of idolatry where people used to bow down to visible things as their gods, Christians use images and sculptures to manifest their faith in the existence of God. Most people fail to understand that Catholics follow the system of prayer explained in the Old Testament (Barton 70). Roman Catholic believers hold images used in their religion with high regard, and often show their respect by kissing liturgical objects used in worship. One of the commandments applies to warn people against making their own desired images of the heavenly father. Catholics explain this commandment to mean that Christians should not worship these images or a false god through them (Heimer par 3). This means that Catholics do not use images as idols, but as senti mental objects that help them to make a connection with God through their religious practices. Modern idolatry Idolatry of Christianity applies when people follow God’s commandments for their own personal fulfillment, and not for the sake of satisfying the will of their creator. When people live and follow the biblical teachings in order to have the praise of fellow human beings, then Christianity becomes idolatry (Mills 60). Christians also find a lot of joy and fulfillment in serving people in churches, whereas they often fail to recognize the presence of God in their lives. Commandments teach Christians to look after the welfare of others, by helping them when in need and showing them the presence of God in their everyday challenges and tribulations (Seaton 100). However, most Christians demonstrate a lot of discomfort in associating with suffering people, and often hide themselves to avoid any engagement. Christianity becomes idolatrous when people start using God and his teachings to endear themselves to fellow human beings (Seaton 109). People have turned to bowing and worshiping their fellow human beings, who have convinced them that they have equal ability to influence their destiny just as God can do.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Idolatry of Christianity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People have lost the value of having God in their lives, and replaced him with earthly joys such as sex, money, and power among others (Heimer par. 6). The biblical story of the Golden Calf is the closest that the bible gives a clear depiction of idolatry. The Israelites had used the good things that God had given them to go against him. This was a true manifestation of immoral living, because these people had literally used God’s power and good will to his people to replace him. The gold used to make the calf was meant for use in God’s work, but the Israelites used it to make t heir own god. Conclusion Idolatry of modern Christianity goes beyond bowing to sculptures. It includes any action by human beings that makes one to have little value for God over other things. People have replaced God as their hero with other things that do not guarantee salvation. Use of images by Roman Catholics does not qualify as idolatry because they do not worship them, but apply to develop a connection with their religious beliefs. Idolatry of Christianity applies when people follow God’s commandments for the sake of pleasing their fellow human beings and not their heavenly father. Barton, Stephen. Idolatry: False Worship in the Bible, Early Judaism, and Christianity. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2007. Print. Benson, Bruce. Gods that Fail: Modern Idolatry and Christian Mission. Journal of world  Christianity 5.3 (2011): 23-29. Print. Heimer, Mark. â€Å"Scandal Hints at Decline of U.S, Denominations.† The New York Times  26 October 2012. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Johnson, Matt. When Christianity is Idolatry. 2013. Web. Neumaier, Arnold. Christian Idolatry and Reality. 2013. Web. https://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~neum/sciandf/eng/idol.html Mills, Kenneth. Idolatry and Its Enemies. Journal of World Christianity 6.2 (2010): 56-62. Print. Seaton, Debra. Idolatry of Christian Leaders. New York: Cengage Learning, 2007. Print. Seinfeld, Peter. â€Å"Looking to Other Religions, and to Atheism, For Clarity in Faith.† The  New York Times 06 November 2009. Print.

Spelling Tips When to Drop the “E” - Proofread My Paper

Spelling Tips When to Drop the â€Å"E† - Proofread My Paper Spelling Tips: When to Drop the â€Å"E† Thanks to acid house, the phrase â€Å"dropping an ‘e’† sounds rather unsavory these days. Nevertheless, in some situations, dropping an â€Å"e† is essential to correct spelling (which is how we proofreaders get our kicks). More specifically, you need to be careful when adding a suffix to a word that ends in â€Å"e† because this changes how certain words are spelled. Luckily, there are a couple of helpful guidelines to follow. Suffixes Starting with Vowels The most important rule is that, most of the time, you should drop the â€Å"e† from the end of a word when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel (e.g., â€Å"-ing,† â€Å"-ed† or â€Å"-able†). For example, the suffix â€Å"-ed† can be added to the word â€Å"talk† to make the past tense â€Å"talked† without any problem. But when a word already ends in â€Å"e,† like â€Å"dance,† we drop the final â€Å"e† so that the past tense is â€Å"danced† (i.e., â€Å"danc-ed,† not â€Å"dance-ed†). Other examples include: Suffix Example Word Modified Version -able Live Livable -age Dote Dotage -ed Inspire Inspired -est True Truest -ing Note Noting -ion Adulterate Adulteration -ory Celebrate Celebratory -ous Fame Famous This isn’t a complete list of relevant suffixes (â€Å"-er,† â€Å"-ation† and â€Å"-ist† are common too), but it should give you a sense of what to look out for. A Few Exceptions As with any rule, there are exceptions to the convention outlined above, such as words that end with double vowels, â€Å"-ce† or â€Å"-ge.† Double Vowels Words that end in double vowels (e.g., â€Å"-ee† or â€Å"-oe†) don’t always require the final â€Å"e† to be dropped when adding a vowel suffix: Agree → Agreeable Shoe → Shoeing However, some modifications do require you to drop the final â€Å"e†: Argue → Arguable Accrue → Accruing There’s no shortcut to getting things right here, so you should always double check the spelling with these and similar words. â€Å"-ce† and †-ge† Here the rule is not to drop the final â€Å"e† from words that end with either â€Å"-ce† or â€Å"-ge† when adding a suffix that starts with an â€Å"a† (e.g., â€Å"-able†) or an â€Å"o† (e.g., â€Å"-ous†): Advantage → Advantageous Bridge → Bridgeable Efface → Effaceable Suffixes Starting with Consonants Finally, suffixes that begin with consonants, most of which dont require dropping the final â€Å"e† from words that end in that letter; the noun â€Å"time,† for instance, can be modified to â€Å"timely† by simply adding the suffix â€Å"-ly.† The problematic words are those that end in â€Å"-ue† like â€Å"true,† â€Å"due† or â€Å"argue,† which do require you to drop the final â€Å"e† when adding a suffix that starts with a consonant: True → Truly Due → Duly Argue → Argument

Sexual abstenance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sexual abstenance - Research Paper Example Abstinence from sexual intercourse is believed by most parents and religious groups to be the only acceptable method of birth control for teenagers. In this regard, the essay aims to proffer issues pertaining to sexual abstinence. The discourse would initially define sexual abstinence and determine its brief historical background. Likewise, the effects of abstinence-only approach in sex education would be examined. Finally, some suggestions and recommendations on using abstinence in sexual education would be presented. Sexual abstinence is defined as â€Å"the practice of voluntarily refraining from sexual intercourse and (usually) other sexual activity. Sexual abstinence is typically considered a subset of behavior in the context of chastity as the latter refers also to attitude and intent and not mere mechanics. Sexual abstinence is typically advocated in the categories of religious/moral concerns and health/social concerns, with a significant overlap between the two† (WordIQ, par. 1). In an article published by Avert on abstinence and sex education, the discussion provided clear definitions of abstinence based approach to sexual education which encourages abstinence from sex until marriage. The Federal Law in the United States enumerated learning objectives of abstinence education, to wit: In a study conducted by Planes, et.al. on definitions and examples of abstinence to Spanish University students, the findings revealed that the current understanding of the term is ambiguous resulting to risky sexual behaviors (Planes, et.al, 172). A table indicated in the research on the definitions of the meaning of the term abstinence by gender provided â€Å"778 examples or definitions of abstinence† (Planes, et.al, 170) validating the diverse understanding of students on the accurate definition of the term. The discourse provided by WordIQ traced the developments on sexual freedom to the First World War which indicates that the

The Early Adulthood Period Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Early Adulthood Period - Research Paper Example This reporter stresses that "being a young member of the club, I am really active in its activities as I feel good strength, good coordination, good reaction time and sensations (sight, hearing, taster, smell, and touch). In addition, I feel excellent motor skills and great sex appeal. Also, I think it is important to be in a group and is utmost important for someone to be approved by the society to survive. At this stage, the two major challenges in life are to give up my adolescent way of thinking and face the adult world. To achieve this, I will have to terminate many of my existing relationships, concepts, friendships, and occupational relationships. However, my transition to the next stage of development means a lot of changes in intelligence, expertise, and the ability to learn. In addition, there will be physical difference too. As Araneta points out, it is natural that I will start redefining my relations including mentor relationship, love relationship, family relationship, and occupational relationship. As I move forward, I am going to reach Midlife where I will be more serious about life. At that stage, out, I will try to reduce the influence of the external world on my life, and will try to strike a balance between the needs of the society and the needs of self. Thus, most probably, I will withdraw from many of the activities of the club to give more importance to my personal life too. As I grow older, I have to expect a number of events that can change my life that will enhance my development. Some such events people normally face as they grow older are marriage, birth of children, promotion in jobs, and so on. As I go through these events, it is highly likely that I will withdraw from my activities that I was previously into. Or, at least, I will start questioning the purpose or usefulness of those activities. According to the theory of Loevinger, I am presently in the Conformist Stage."

Write An Article For Magazine Essay Example for Free

Write An Article For Magazine Essay I am reporting as both a child psychologist and a concerned parent, on the matter of the content of teenage magazines. My own daughter made me aware of this issue when I decided to look through one of her Bliss magazines; I discovered what kinds of stories were printed in them and others teenage magazines such as sugar. I was both shocked and concerned by the material printed in the teen mags and decided that I should write this article to inform other parents of the content of them. The magazines I researched were; Bliss which is aimed at 14-17 year olds and Sugar which is aimed at 13-19 year olds, considering the graphic and persuasive nature of the content of these magazines, this seems, to me, to be an inappropriate age range. Advertisement Archive The magazines are over-spilling with desirable products, which is yet another attraction for teenage girls. On average the magazines contain 17. 5% of advertisements of up-to-date fashion items such as clothes, shoes and fragrances. Some of the products are far too expensive for a teen budget; endless pages of shoes and make-up are sending the wrong signals to impressionable young girls. It tells them that expensive frocks and loads of make-up is what they should have to be in. How many of you have heard the line but mum I need it all my friends have got one. Why? Because like their friends they have been influenced by the media and manipulated into thinking they need named brands to look and feel good. Cheaper high street brands have been advertised more frequently on television, these magazines should adopt the same tactic. This would make teenagers feel more comfortable wearing high street brands and prevent parents from feeling inadequate for not being able to provide the latest Gucci handbag. Real Life Horrors I was kidnapped and sold to a brothel Bliss December 2006 My midnight escape from a sick cult Sugar December 2006; these are just some of the shocking headlines which featured in the magazines I looked at. Is this the kind of literature you thought your daughter was reading? These are not the kind of real issues I would have thought of as appropriate for the 13 year old readers of these magazines. Some of the stories I read, including the ones I have already mentioned, incorporated some vulgar and sometimes quite disturbing details such as as I came round, I vomited on the floor. My head hurt and I was bleeding between my legs the story continued along the same lines in a very descriptive manner. Stories such as these rarely occur in real life and are scare mongering, and can be very disturbing for young readers. These articles do often include help lines enabling teenagers to contact an adult, however I think it highly unlikely that these articles would relate to an average British teenage girl. Though these stories are not stories that teenage girls relate to, they seem very interested in them. This makes me very uncomfortable as a parent and as a child psychologist as I find it difficult to associate the interest in such horrendous articles, to the other interests of the average teenager. I think that stories that relate to the more common occurrences in a teenagers lifes, such as sporting achievements and charities, which they could get involved in would be more appropriate. Picture Perfect All the magazines feature flawless models, dressed to impress on the front covers, with headlines such as 184 a-list model looks and sexiest party fashion. To my 14-year-old daughter and young girls like her, these images are ones that they aspire to. With pictures coupled with the headlines, the covers entice them into the materialistic fashion obsessed world of the a-list celeb. The immaculate appearance of the models is simply not a realistic view of an average teenager, theyre even often air-brushed; the images portrayed could make young girls feel inadequate purely because of natural teenage blemishes. Maybe images of everyday teens would provide a more pragmatic outlook to ordinary girls. The covers are plastered in bright coloured text in varying fonts and offer various stereotypical girly gifts such as pink lip-glosses for that perfect pout. These eye-catching fonts and free gift offers draw the young reader in, encouraging them to buy the over-priced magazines. The magazines are about i 2. 50 each which I would consider to be fairly expensive for a teenager as they usually buy several of these magazines with their pocket money, which is typically in the region i 5 to i 10. To me, as a parent, such magazines would be more acceptable if they were at a more reasonable price and featured fewer stories about celebrities shocking secrets, and more about achievements and real issues.

Abortion: Pro-life! :: essays research papers

Every day, an overwhelming amount of human beings’ lives are terminated. The culprit: unwanted pregnancies. Many woman are (not by choice), becoming pregnant as a result of unsafe sex, rape, and other things. So what is one to do when they discover that they’re pregnant? They have some alternatives: (1) have the child and raise it (2) have the child, then give it up for adoption (3) get an abortion. Sadly, many women choose alternative three, unaware of what they’re getting themselves into. Abortion is very cruel to the baby and even harms the mother. It is murder!There are many different procedures for abortions, all gruesome and pain inflicting on the baby. Suction Aspiration (vacuum curettage) makes up for 98% of first trimester abortions. The cervix is first dilated. Then a suction tube with a sharp cutting edge is inserted which rips the baby to pieces. It then sucks out all the remains. If the mother waits until the third trimester (when the baby is more developed), then she must have Partial Birth Abortion. Using Ultra-sound, the doctor grabs the baby’s legs and forces out all but the head. Scissors are then jammed into the back of the skull and opened, creating a larger hole. A suction tube sucks the brains out, causing the skull to collapse. Then the dead baby is removed.Believe it or not, the mother is also harmed. In Suction Aspiration, if any tissue is left inside, it’ll become infected. For Methoxotrexate Injection, another type of abortion, Methoxotrexate can produce ill side effects such as anemia, nausea, cancer, lung disease, and heavy bleeding. Just think of the mental trauma the mother is also feeling. She has the forever-guilty conscience of being responsible for her own child’s death. Many mothers say, "I’ll regret it for the rest of my life.""I feel like crawling into a hole and dying," says another mother after the operation.A common argument is that abortion isn’t murder because the baby isn’t alive. But on the contrary: life begins at conception. After only 18 days, the heart is formed, and after 20 the brain, spinal cord, and nervous system are developing. A mere four days later, the heart starts beating. Is abortion murder though? According to the Webster Dictionary, abortion is to terminate a pregnancy because the baby is not capable of living.

College Athletes Should Be Paid Essay

Tyus Jones was a basketball player at the University of Minnesota who was extremely talented on and off the court. In just his freshman year he won The University Of Minnesota their first national championship in 94 long years. Despite of Tyus’s on court abilities even with a full ride college scholarship Tyus was not able to afford the basic college life needs. To help out with the expenses Tyus got a job at the nearby Burger King, but after two short weeks he was forced to quit because it was impossible to manage school,basketball, and work. Tyus then realized he would have to get some form of help from the school to help him manage his spending. It should be required for all colleges to pay all their Division I athletes enough money for them to support themselves during the season. Tyus was lucky, he was very talented on the court which gave him some legal extra benefits, but some players are not that lucky. Some players have no options but to accept illegal benefits and can be suspended or even fined. Most athletes are so busy with school and their sport that they are not able to work on the side to earn money. Also college are paid millions and millions of dollars by large network companies like Nbc, Fox, and even Espn when the main reason their college is in the spotlight is because of these talented players who get nothing for making everything happen.

Five methods of Departmentalization Essay

Essay Topic â€Å"What five methods have traditionally been used to departmentalize work and worker? Give one advantage and one disadvantage of each. Provide an example of functional departmentalization at your University and using the definitions in your textbook explain why it is suitable example. (Chapter 9)† In any size of the organization or complexity workplace, organizational structures are very important factors that the businesses must have, so the employee will know their position, their responsibilities and tasks. To develop and improve organization performance, the organization can use various structural can take on, however the organization need to find the best organisational structure that depends on many factors including the work, products or services, the size of the employee, geographic and target market (demographic customer’s base). The following section provides details of the five methods have traditionally been used to departmentalize employee and jobs, also advantage and disadvantage each of the methods. Traditional organizational structures are connections among these positions are demonstrated in an organisational Chart which will show how management is organized ‘vertical and horizontal configuration of departments, authority and job within a companyà ¢â‚¬â„¢ (Williams & McWilliams 2010, p.175) each of department has a manager, who runs day- to- day operations and ultimately report to the CEO, however this traditional model is common use in all church, government and military organization, because these organizations are stable, cannot respond to change and slow to act. For example every soldiers answer to his commanding officer, while the president is at the top of the chain as command-in-chief. Departmentalization is ‘the subdivision of work is the basic meaning of â€Å"forms†. The multidivisional form is defined as decentralized management structure; organized into products divisions, each division containing a unitary structure; and a central office to make to strategic decisions.’ (P. James L. 1997) generally the basic decisions that managers have to make as they develop a traditional organizational structure are using the five traditional methods of functional, product, customer, geographic and matrix departmentalization. Which mean two or more people working together as a group to complete a specific task, by divided the group to work in different departmentalization, to help achieve the  organization objectives and goals. However ‘Determining the functions to be performed involves consideration of division of labour,’ (P. Montanna &B. Charnov, 1993, p. 1) and depending on the size of the grouping that managers supervise. The degree of decision-making authority is centralization and usually were made by the top management of the highest vertically structures hierarchy. This section is additional detail and description of five methods has been used traditionally to departmentalization. Functional departmentalization: group of employee and job based on work performance, example finance and accounting, marketing and sale, human resource and administration and technical and operating. For another example of Functional departmentalization at Victoria University is Academic Support and Development because this department can students with University assessment tasks such as writing skills, reference skills, online language translator and providing expert support the student academic success and retention across the university. The advantage of functional departmentalization is efficiency of work and is to be done by specialist skills and high qualified. The disadvantage is inflexibility of work because the stuff only is qualifies for one specialisation. Products departmentalization: group of employee and work for producing major product or services area in the organization or company. Example David Jones, women’s clothing, men’s clothing, home and food. The advantage of the product departmentalization is that increases accountability for product performance and allow manager and employee work in one area of expertise. The disadvantage is the challenge of coordinating across different product departments. Customer departmentalization: group of employee and work into particular responsibility based on customer’s problem and need. Example: government, education, health, wholesale or retail. The advantage is focused on customer need rather than on products or business function. The disadvantage customer departmentalization is the satisfaction or feedback from customer is challenging of coordinating across different customer departments. Geographic Departmentalization: groups of employee and work ‘into separate units responsible for doing business in particular geographic area’ (Williams & McWilliams 2010, p.180). Example North, South, West, East). The advantage of geographic departmentalization is face to face communication between the service provider and service receiver. The  disadvantage is required more human capital and the control cannot exercise effectively. Matrix departmentalization: a combined of one or two group form of departmentalization are used together based on particular project, most often are from product and functional departmentalization working together. The advantage of matrix departmentalization is allowing the organization to efficiently manage large, complex tasks and efficiency avoiding duplication. The disadvantage is requires a high level of management skill and can cause of conflict between bosses in departments. Through a different perspective on the issue can be seen by comparing between traditional model and modern model of the organizational structures, the traditional of organizational structures is illustrated as have effectiveness and efficiency of products or services more than modern organizational structures. Because of emphasis on job specialization, highly performed on definite procedures and policy in the organization that effective work and worker, also the decentralization ‘is the location of most authority at the upper levels of the organization. In a centralized organization, manager makes the most decision, even the relatively small one’ (Williams & McWilliams 2010, p.185) which help and improve the organization achieve their objectives and goals are better and quicker than apply on modern organizational structures. For the modern or twentieth c entury organizational structures is redesigning of making objective and goals setting process is through empower worker. According to(Williams & McWilliams 2010, p.185) Empower worker means’ permanently passing decision –making authority and responsibility from managers to workers by giving them the information and resources they need to make and carry out good decisions’. Which means all the process need to be share to every levels and decentralized authority is allowing a significant amount of worker within the organization make the decision necessary to solve the problem. In conclusion the traditional organizational structures has five methods been used to departmentalizing work and workers such as the work Functional performs, the Product or Service offered, the target Customer or client, the Geographic region covered and the Matrix project that is combine or form two or more departmentalization to work together. These methods are used to in organization which effect work and worker with the best contribute to accomplishment organization’s objectives and goals. Reference list Brews. P.J & Tucci. C. L, 2004, ‘exploring the structural effect of internetworking’, strategic management journal, vol. 25. No. 5, pp. 429-451 Woll .L.F.K & Moliance. M, 2013’do organizational structure, ‘work environment and gender matter?’ creatively and implementations of new ideas, international journal of gender and entrepreneurship, vol. 5. No.3. pp. 298-315 Dufty.N, 1996, ‘ a note on departmentalization in an institute of technology’, journal of education administration, vol. 4. No. 1, pp. 32-48 Williams. C & McWilliams. A, 2010, MGMT 1st Asian Pacific Edition, Cengage Learning Australia Pty, South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Price. L. J, 1997, ‘handbook of organization measurement’, international journal of Manpower, vol. 18 Iss 4/5/6 pp.305-558 P. Montanna & B. Charnov, 1993, ‘chapter 11: organizational structures: concepts and formats’, management: A streamlined course for students & business people . (Hauppauge, New York: Barron’s Business Reviewed Series), pp. 155-169

The Best AP Chemistry Notes to Study With

The Best AP Chemistry Notes to Study With SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It can be difficult to keep your notes organized throughout the school year, especially in a class that covers so much content. This article will give you links to notes on every topic included in the AP Chemistry curriculum. If you're missing some of your notes, or if you just want a more structured overview of what you need to know for the exam, you've come to the right place! I'll also give you some study tips so that you can use both these notes and the notes you took throughout the year to your best advantage. How to Use These AP Chemistry Notes The notes in this article can be used to study smaller portions of the curriculum or to review for the final AP Chemistry exam.There are six "Big Ideas" (main themes) that organize all the concepts in the course, so I’ve categorized these notes according to that framework.Topics should be listed in roughly the same order as you learned them in class. These notes will provide a ton of background information, but keep in mind that AP Chemistry is less about memorization of facts and more about the ability to apply your knowledge to a variety of experimental scenarios.Reading notes can only get you so far.Practice problems are essential(a point that I will emphasize again later in this article). Take a diagnostic test before you dive into these notes if you plan on using them to review for the full AP test. Based on your results,you can see which areas need the most improvement, and then you can focus on the notes that are most relevant. AP Chemistry Notes These notes come from two different sources, ScienceGeek (which is a site that has a lot of helpful practice exercises as well) and CourseNotes.I wanted to include both sets of notes in case you find one more helpful than the other. CourseNotes is primarily definition-basedwhileScienceGeek is better at actually explaining how to solve different types of problems related to each topic. I've also included a link to a document created by a high school AP Chemistry teacher that goes through all of the concepts in one place. Big Idea 1: The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangement of atoms. These atoms retain their identities in chemical reactions. ScienceGeek: Chemical Foundations Timeline of milestones in the history of chemistry Atomic structure and periodicity Mass spectrometry Spectroscopy Coulomb’s law Atoms, molecules, and ions Naming compounds CourseNotes: Units of measurement Classification of matter Significant figures Atomic theory Inside the atom Terminology for compounds and overall chemical nomenclature Electronic structure of atoms Wave nature of light Line spectra and the Bohr model Wave behavior of matter and quantum mechanics Orbitals and electron configuration Periodic properties of elements Effective nuclear charge and atomic size Ionization energy and electron affinities Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids Big Idea 2: Chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules and the forces between them. ScienceGeek: Chemical bonding Covalent bonding and its relationship to orbitals Liquids and solids Gases (and gas law practice problems) CourseNotes: Chemical bonding Ionic and covalent bonding Electronegativity and dipole moments Lewis structures and VSEPR Bond enthalpy Valence bond theory Molecular orbital theory Gases Gas laws Ideal gas law and partial pressures Kinetic molecular theory and gases Intermolecular forces/phase changes Types of intermolecular forces Phase changes and diagrams Liquids and solids Big Idea 3: Changes in matter involve the rearrangement and/or reorganization of atoms and/or the transfer of electrons. ScienceGeek: Stoichiometry Types of chemical reactions and solution chemistry Half-cell reactions Redox reactions and practice problems CourseNotes: Stoichiometry Chemical reactions and formula weights Moles and empirical formulas Balanced equations and limiting reactants Solution chemistry Aqueous solutions and precipitation reactions Redox reactions Solution concentration and stoichiometry Electrochemistry Oxidation-reduction Voltaic cells Batteries and corrosion Big Idea 4: Rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions. ScienceGeek: Chemical kinetics Rate laws CourseNotes: Chemical kinetics Rate law and reaction order Half-life and the collision model Catalysts and activation energy Big Idea 5: The laws of thermodynamics describe the essential role of energy and explain and predict the direction of changes in matter. ScienceGeek: Chemical equilibrium Equilibrium constants Thermochemistry Spontaneity, entropy, and free energy All about the nucleus CourseNotes: Thermochemistry Energy and thermodynamics Enthalpy Calorimetry Le Chautelier’s principle Chemical thermodynamics Spontaneous reactions and entropy Gibb’s Free Energy Nuclear chemistry Radioactivity and stability Nuclear transmutation and decay Nuclear fission Big Idea 6: Any bond or intermolecular attraction that can be formed can be broken. These two processes are in a dynamic competition, sensitive to initial conditions and external perturbations. Science Geek: Properties of solutions Solubility and complex ion equilibria Overall chemistry of acids and bases Acid-base equilibria CourseNotes: Properties of solutions Solution formation Concentration Colligative properties Properties of equilibrium Acid-base equilibria Acids (types, properties) Bases (types, properties) Acid-base relationships and salts Buffers and titrations Common ion effect Buffers Titrations Solubility equilibria Overall Review Document This document was created by an AP Chemistry teacher. It'ssort of like a (long) crib sheet with all the concepts and formulas you need to know in one place! If you want a quick holistic review without going through every individual notes page listed above, you can take a look at this document to remind yourself of the most important concepts for each unit. Ah, the bliss of knowledge. Also, this guy should probably get to the ER immediately. This is what happens when you cram, everyone. Study Strategies for AP Chemistry Notes If you want to use these notes to your full advantage, you shouldn’t just read them all and consider yourself prepared.For chemistry, you need to dig deeper to understand the material fully.Here are some tips to keep in mind: Tip #1: Start at the Beginning If you’re studying for chemistry, you should work your way through concepts in the order of when they show up in the curriculum.You need to master the basics first, or more advanced problems will look like complete gibberish to you.If there are any topics in Big Idea 1 that you don’t feel comfortable with, start your studying with those.Everything else in the course builds on the concepts you learned in the first couple of months! Tip #2: Always Follow Up With Practice Problems Every time you read a set of notes, do a few practice problems to make sure you’ve absorbed the information.Reading through these notes is a waste of time if they don’t provide you with the background information and skills you need to solve relevant problems.If you find that you’re having trouble with practice problems after you read through notes, this should be a red flag that you need to modify your study strategy. Tip #3: Supplement With Other Resources Don’t forget about the notes you took in class, handouts your teacher gave to you, and any other resources you’ve accumulated throughout the year.It’s worthwhile to shop around and see whether certain explanations of concepts resonate more than others.You might decide that videos explaining concepts are more useful to you than notes, or you may choose tobuy a review book that provides more guidance in planning out your studying. Tip #4: Don’t Cram! It’s unwise to cram for AP Chemistry.You need to do plenty of practice problems to feel comfortable with the material, and, if you cram, you won’t be able to spend enough time on this.Don’t pull out your notes the day before the exam and expect to learn everything in one marathon study session.You won’t retain the information, and you’ll be exhausted for the test. Cramming is a lot like trying to hold a huge volume of water back with a really flimsy dam. It's not gonna work out well. Conclusion The notes in this article should help you review all the essential concepts you need to know for the AP Chemistry exam. Make sure you supplement your review with practice tests so you can assess your progress and see where your main strengths and weaknesses lie. Also, keep in mind the tips I went through in the last section: Start at the beginning of the course Follow up your studying with practice problems Supplement these notes with other resources Avoid cramming Keep this article on hand so that you can refer to the notes whenever you want to review specific concepts and/or start your end-of-year cumulative review! What's Next? Do you need notes for additional AP classes besides Chemistry? Check out our articles with notes for AP Psychology, AP Biology, and AP US History. Notes are all well and good, but when do you actually need to start using them to review for the test? Find out how early you should start studying for AP exams if you're aiming for a great score. Have you planned out your schedule for the rest of your time in high school yet? If not, this guide will help you decide which AP classes to take in the future! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Religion Coursework

Religion Coursework Religion Coursework Religion Coursework Writing Tips for Students If a student has to write a religion coursework, there are a lot of thing under discussion and the topic should be chosen according to the knowledge and own preferences of the student Religion as a subject is useful for the study of intercultural concepts and opinions The knowledge of the other religion principles can play a great role in the personal views. A religion course module presupposes the 40% of the final grade, so it is essential part to understand that writing religion course work should be careful and meet all the requirements. Subject of religion embraces a vast portion of the never-answered questions, so your religion coursework should base on the existing beliefs and religions studying. What Are The Main Difficulties Students Face? It is a great workload for the student to look through a plenty of books and materials. And the difficulty lies also in the fact, that religion is connected with other sciences such as ethics and philosophies, so many students become confused while getting an assignment to write a religion coursework: Using different methods during analysis will be a great plus to the grade, because historical comparison and literary critics can tell much religion and its essence within the bounce of the humanitarian sciences. Also a student can choose own topic, but sometimes it is not an easy cake to cook, especially if a student should choose the topic within the bounds of the given area. The areas can be branches of the religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity and others. Often a student can be offered to write about the religion, which is not his or her own. It is done for the students can learn about the environmental world more and can discuss and compare the level of the development and also in some cases to choose the right direction for own living. The Aims of The Writing Religion Coursework Can Be Following: Disclosing an ability of a student in discussion and telling in own words about other beliefs and traditions. The history is a rich science and there are a lot of directions where young scientists can try their efforts. Investigation of the various events and societies within one religion. This knowledge can help in the future to develop the intellectual level of student. Various symbols can be discussed in the religion coursework. Comparison of two or more branches of religions. You have an excellent opportunity to try your analysis ability and have double-learning of two religions. It would be great if you take two religions, which are unknown to you and you will be a real researcher. Discussion of religion in general. The student may look through the main causes, which influences the person and his or her beliefs. Writers of our team are devoted to the hard work on the given topic and assignment. They know how to write an exclusive essay, dissertation or religion coursework. Wide experience and high professionalism of our team can assure you that the maximum satisfaction will be if you will order the work at our site. Read also: College Application Essay American College Essay Assistance University Admission Essay Statement of purpose essay Scholarship Essay Format

Criminology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Criminology - Research Paper Example There are stipulated guidelines that govern how various groups come to co-exist together, but this varies from country to country. Where these rules are broken then the effective and binding law is broken. An immigrant in a broad sense is said to be a person of foreign citizenship enters a country illegally without proper documentation from the state department (Levy 89). It cans also occur that one has proper documentation but clearly overstays the allocated time in the visa by the immigrations department. This paper, therefore, seeks to look into illegal immigration in the United States of America, the opportunities and treat it presents to the economy and an insight into some sociological theories that try to explain the above. Immigration started in the ancient times with the most recent one being the slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa into Europe and the US. However in recent days, it has changed to involve even sex slave from the Asian continent. There are various perspectives that endeavor to explain this. This theory depicts the society as a social system that is made up of different, interdependent parts that rely on each other for the full functionality of the society. This is accompanied by different levels of social stratification so as to attain a social balance. In a recent study, in the US, it has been established that the number of illegal immigrants is fast out spacing that of the legal immigrants (Levy 103). This shows there is a dynamic shift in this particular social class stratum. In the same study, it has been established that the illegal immigrants are no longer staying in areas with large legal immigrants but rather have started spreading all over the United States. The study further indicates a peculiar trend on the level of education of the immigrants who are educated up to college level. This theory brings forth an argument between

(Geology) Tsunami Threat in California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

(Geology) Tsunami Threat in California - Essay Example In the history of Tsunami, the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was one of the deadliest disasters that killed over 230,000 people in 14 countries near the Indian Ocean. Although researchers have identified the causes and other characteristics of this natural disaster, many facts about Tsunami still remain undiscovered. This paper will discuss the â€Å"Tsunami threat in California† in detail. Geological surveys have identified that most of the faults in the United States, specifically in California, are strike slip faults. In addition, the presence of dip slip faults also has been discovered in California (State of California, 1992). In geology, a fault indicates a discontinuity in a large volume of rock and this discontinuity or planar fracture often causes notable displacements during the times of an earth movement. Strike slip faults can be simply defined as a motion which is parallel to the strike of the fault and sometimes it is referred to as side by side motion. Strike slip faults characterized with left lateral motion are called sinistral faults while those resemble a right lateral motion fall under the category of dextral faults. In contrast, dip slip faults represent fractures where the blocks are shifted almost vertically. In the case of dip slip faults, a downward motion is termed as normal and an upward motion is known as reverse. A fault that includes the components of both strike slip and dip slip is commonly referred to as an oblique slip fault. It has been identified that both the strike slip faults and dip slip faults may lead to earthquakes and thereby tsunamis. Earthquakes associated with strike slip faults and reverse slip faults can have the potential to cause powerful tsunamis because most of such earthquakes generally hit with a magnitude of 8 or more and it has been observed that energy released during an earthquake is proportional to the

Child perpetrator of violence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Child perpetrator of violence - Case Study Example This is a case that happened to twenty six year old Corey Deen Saunders who experienced chaotic childhood and currently serves a life sentence in prison for perpetuation sexual abuse to a six year old boy. Corey Deen Saunders and family history Corey Deen Saunders is a 26 year old man serving a life sentence in prison after abusing a six year old boy in a library. He is mildly retarded and suffers from attention deficit disorder. He had serious psychological problems and turned from a victim to a predator that sexually preyed on young boys. Saunders really liked younger boys, especially those between six and twelve years and always gave excuses to be around and hang out with them. As he grew up, his behavior became conspicuously sexual and all his remarks on boys were sexual in nature. Saunders also sexually fantasized a lot about younger boys living in his neighborhood. He admitted to having more than four hundred sexual fantasies that involved younger children in school. At one poi nt, he contemplated raping and murdering a specific ten year old boy in school. In April 1999, Saunders tried to aggressively win over a twelve year old boy to have sex with him. As Corey Deen Saunders grew, he became sexually compulsive towards younger boys. Saunders’ compulsive sexual behavior eventually landed him in prison following unsuccessful rehabilitation. His real problems began when he sexually abused two children below his age. This is because he had serious psychological problems. Saunders overtly sexual behavior was not corrected at Stetson school and he continued making sexual advances to younger boys. He stole boys under wears and hoarded them. In September 1999, Stetson school found it extremely difficult to contain Saunders and it was decided that Saunders was becoming hazardous to younger children and was transferred to North Carolina’s treatment facility. However, Saunders was transferred to Top East Emergency Shelter in Taunton instead. Saunders es caped from the facility on December 30, 1999 and was found by police some hours later walking barefoot in the streets of Taunton. After escaping from Top East Emergency Shelter he was never readmitted and the Department of Social Services instructed the police to take Saunders to a foster home in Attleboro. Neither police nor the Department of Social Services informed the woman at foster home that he young man had serious psychological problems. As a result, the woman manager did not take extra measures to protect other children from his sexually compulsive behavior. Consequently, Saunders sexually assaulted a seven year old son of the foster woman a few feet away from his mother in the foster’s home living room. As a result, Saunders was charged of battery and indecent assault of a child below fourteen years, abuse and attempted rape of a child less than sixteen years. Following the above incident in 2001, Saunders pleaded guilty and was sentenced to four years and one day i n prison, with additional twelve years probation. After serving his term in prison, Saunders was eventually released. However, Saunders sexually assaulted a six year old boy in New Bedford Public Library, and he was charged again with battery and indecent assault on a child below fourteen years, enticing and raping a child below sixteen years. Following his second abuse, he was sentenced for life to keep him away from harming children.

What are the differences between Price and non price competition

What are the differences between Price and non price competition To increase the profits or revenue of any firm we choose price competition or non price competition. price competition is a competitive situation in which price is major means of differentiating the products A product or service can be competing in the market by many ways. In price competition ,two products which are similar compared by the customer on their respective pricing, the customer mainly purchase the product on the basis of which is cheaper, they are other ways of competition but price comparison will effect. Price competition is one of the marketing strategy which used by firms to increase profits and revenue of the firms. To compete efficiently firm must be match the price or it need to be beat the price. Firm must be lowest cost producer and it need to change price frequently ,in price competition even your competitor respond to your price your firm need to respond as quickly as possible when the competitor change the price . Customer will switch to brand which is low priced brand Non price competition: Non price competition is a competition among different firms that they distinguish their products example: product features, style, delivery, promotions, advertising, selling staff etc.non pricing competition is mainly used by firms to distinguish their products, any firm can use non-price competition it is common for monopolistically competitive firms because firms which operates in monopolistically competitive market are price takers. Non price competition is a marketing strategy to increase profits and firm revenue. Every firm try to distinguish their products by its quality or promotions or product features any other sustainable competitive advantage other than price, Can build customer loyalty towards the brand. The firm must promote the distinguishing features to create customer awareness. MONOPOLISTIC MARKET The market structure of monopolistic competition is situated between those of perfect competition and monopoly 1)in monopolistic competition profits can be maximized when marginal revenue equals to marginal cost MR=MC. 2)there are many buyers and many sellers 3)the products being sold are differentiated or heterogeneous in character 4)there is free entry or exit of firms 5)the goal of the firm is to maximize the profits both in short run and long run short run comes under price competition and long run comes under non-price competition 6) product differentiation is high 7)completion on quality, price, marketing OLIGOPOLISTIC MARKET Oligopoly market is an imperfectly competitive market structure in which few large firms dominates the market .oligopolistic market is non price competition because product different ion exists in it, firms have reason to compete on the basis of other factors besides the price Characteristics of oligopoly market 1)few sellers 2)either a homogeneous or a differentiated product 3)different market entry 4)oligopolistic competition are price maker 5)in this few large firms one firm action influence others the four market perfect competition,monopoly,monopolistic competition, oligopoly in which firms in perfect competition are price-taker ,whereas firms in other three markets are price makers ELASTICITY The elasticity of demand is the measure of response of demand for a product to change in any of its determinants example price of the product, price of substitutes, price of complements, consumers income and consumers expectations regarding prices. If the price of the compulsory goods can be increased and the consumer can choose the complementary goods then it is called elastic and the consumer cannot choose the complementary goods ,they are compulsory goods then it called inelastic There are different types of elasticity of demand 1)price elasticity 2)cross elasticity 3)income elasticity Price elasticity of demand: the price elasticity of demand is demand for the product or firm to change in its price ,elasticity of demand is the percentage change in the quantity demand of a firm or product as a result of certain percentage change in its price Ep=percentage change in quantity of demand /percentage change in firm= %à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Q/%à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  p Price Elasticity if it is more than 1 Elastic Demand when price changes quantity of demand for product is also increased When if it is less than 1 Inelastic Demand when price decreases quantity of demand for the product is little increased when compared to previous revenue Unitary Elastic when price decreases quantity of demand for the products is equal as previous revenue. Price elasticity for individual goods If the goods are luxuries elasticity will be higher, when substitutes are available consumer have choice and time to choose. When ED>1 point is above mid-point, demand is elastic. When ED=1 point is at Midpoint, demand is unit-elastic When ED When elasticity of demand is price inelastic, whenever price decrease reduces total revenue. When elasticity of demand is price elastic, whenever price decrease increases total revenue. In unit elastic demand, whenever price decrease there is no change in the total revenue Arc and point elasticity : when price elasticity of demand is measured between any two finite points on a demand curve it is called arc elasticity and elasticity measured at a point on the demand curve is called point elasticity Cross Elasticity of demand: cross elasticity defines A change in the quantity of demanded for one product is created by a price change in a related product i.e substitute good and complimentary good represents cross elasticity of demand. If two goods are substitutes for each other cross elasticity is high and if the two goods are totally different and unrelated , cross elasticity between them is zero. When cross elasticity is positive between two goods then they are called substitutes .when cross elasticity is negative between two goods they are not complementary as this is found price change is very strong when income effects. Income Elasticity of Demand: A small change in consumer income will lead to change in quantity of demand for the product. As consumer income increases and income spend on the product is same as before elasticity for the product is one. If the proportion spent on the product increases as income increases then the income elasticity for the product is greater then one If the proportion spent on the product decreases as income increases then income elasticity for the product is less than one Factors affecting elasticity demand 1) The fraction of income spend on the good 2) How narrowly defined the good is 3) How easy is to find out about substitutes 4) How much is available to adjust to price changes 5) nature of commodity 6)differed consumption 7) time factor 8) price level 9) joint demand SHAMPOO USAGE I visited a local super market and focused on shampoos section where I found wide range of shampoos of different brands. There are few companies which produce many varieties of shampoos and conditioners which will be available at any store at a reasonable rate. In my paper I specified on the following company brands which are listed below 1) Hindustan unilever limited > Dove > Clear > Clinic plus > Sunsilk 2) Procter and gamble > Head shoulder > Pantene > Rejoice 3) Cavinkare > Meera >chick >nyle 4) loreal >Garnier fructis 5) ITC >  vivel ultra pro HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED Hindustan unilever limited which was established in 1933, the first shampoo which they launched was clinic plus which had a great demand compared to the other company products at that time (19s). The main reason was they were successful in satisfying the customer, which made there brands so popular. CLINIC PLUS Clinic plus launched 3 different varieties of shampoos 1) Clinic plus strong and long health shampoo 2) Clinic plus strong and natural shampoo 3) Clinic plus long and strong anti dandruff Another shampoo brand from Hindustan unilever limited is Sunsilk, a global brand which was launched in 1964. SUNSILK Sunsilk was launched in 6 different varieties Sunsilk Thick long shampoo conditioner Sunsilk soft and smooth shampoo conditioner Sunsilk hairfall solution shampoo conditioner. Sunsilk damage repair shampoo conditioner Blackshine shampoo. Anti-dandruff shampoo. ALL CLEAR Clinic all clear is another brand from Hindustan unilever limited, it is the first brand which targeted men specially. Formulated anti dandruff shampoo it was launched in 1980 in india and 14 other countries world wide later it was renamed as CLEAR. Clear is available in 5 varients Active Care Ice Cool. Hair fall Defense Soft Gloss. Radiant Black DOVE Dove is the leading brand from Hindustan unilever limited globally dove was launched over 80 countries world wide and it is also called fastest growing hair category brand in India , dove attracts wide range of female customers Dove has a wide range of hair care products that repair accumulated damage and protect and care for the hair .The new Zero Damage System repairs and protects hair from damage. There are variety of shampoo from dove and conditioner Dry therapy Breakage therapy From the HUL company there is a cheaper product like clinic plus and sunsilk which helps rural people and costly product like dove for urban people.From both urban rural areas HUL is covering both urban and rural areas To increase the sales HUL released shampoos in various sizes for various brands For clinic plus, sunsilk the prices are similar 7.5 ml sachet-3 rs 100 bottle 67 rs 200 ml bottle- 120rs For dove the prizes of respective samples is 7.5ml sachet 3 rs 100ml bottle 130 rs 200 ml bottle 215 rs In the local store 35% of the place is occupied by hul products HUL occupies market share over 50% PROCTER AND GAMBLE Procter and gamble launched head shoulder and it is worlds no one anti dandruff shampoo, which reduces not only dandruff but also eliminates p.o value. HEAD SHOULDERS Head Shoulders released 6 different varieties of products: Head Shoulders Smooth Silky. Head Shoulders Refreshing Menthol Head Shoulders Clean and Balanced Head Shoulders Silky Black Head Shoulders Naturally Clean Head Shoulders Nourishing Aloe Vera PANTENE Pantene is the product of Procter and gamble, which was launched keeping women as there prime focus. Pantene is the shampoo that conducts survey on ladies hair loss. Rejoice is the another brand from Procter and gamble who launched Asias No. 1 shampoo Micro-Silicone conditioning technology gives twice as smooth, and easy to comb hair versus ordinary shampoos.as it use natural ingredients like henna, amla, reetha and shikakai. PG released its products in 3 different varities : Rich: Silky Clean Complete Products from the Procter and gamble is highly costly product which covers only urban areas In the rural areas only 7.5 ml sachets will be sold out 40 % of company profits is from sachets only Prices of pg is as follows 7.5 ml sachet-3 rs 100ml bottle-110rs 200 ml bottle -210rs In local stores place occupied by the PG is 25% PG occupies market share over 16 % CAVINKARE Cavincake was established in 1983 it launches 3 different varieties of shampoos Meera it is pure herbal shampoo with badam enriches and many herbals Chick is the first shampoo launched by the cavinkare at the time of clinic plus it is compitetor for clinicplus chick is one of the most used bu rural peoples Nyle- nyle shampoo is newly launched by cavincare it is in 4 different varients Amla, Tulsi, Aloevera and Green tea Calvinkare products release their products in following szes 7.5ml sachet-3 rs 50ml bottle- 35 rs 100 ml bottle -60rs 200ml bottle 110 rs In local stores place occupied by the PG is 15% Calvinkare occupied market share over 19% LOREAL Garnier was launched in 1991 Garnier was launched with ultra Duox range of shampoos in the year 1991. Garnier is not an Indian brand but it has crafted a special place in todays Indian market. Garniner has reached peaks because of its innovations and by launching new products which attracts the consumers. Presently garnier has targeted the middle and upper class by reducing its price and launching huge range of there collection. It has two sub brands they are >Garnier fructis and >Garnier ultra soux Garnier fructis was launched with different varieties like Garnier fructis daily care shampoo Garnier fructis triple nutrition fortifying shampoo Garnier fructis anti-dandruff shampoo Garnier fructis sleek shine shampoo. The credit of launching a color shield shampoo and Shampoo + Oil 2 in 1 shampoo goes to Garnier. It is the first company to launch a shampoo which contains essence of oil and shampoo together in a same pack. Coming to the garnier shield shampoo it was launched in order to nourish and strengthen the colored hair. Garnier could sustain its level in Indian market by introducing variety of products into the market and by there advertising style. Its innovative ideas and new releases are making its products popular. On a survey it was noted that the number of consumers using Garnier has drastically increased as they make there products from natural fruit oils which are harmless. Garnier has reached to the core of the market as it is able to satisfy its consumers and meet there requirements. Garnier products released their products in th following sizes 7.5ml sachet-3 rs 100 ml bottle -115 200 ml bottle- 220 In local super market space allocation for the loreal products are 15 % Loreal products occupy market share over 10 % ITC Itc launches vivel ultra pro in 2009 with 3 years extensive research it as unique actipro -z omplex which will solve dandruff problems VIVEL ULTRA PRO Vivel ultra pro products released their products in th following sizes 7.5ml sachet-3 rs 100 ml bottle -90 200 ml bottle- 160 In local super market space allocated for the product is 5% It occupies market share over 5% CONCLUSION From the above shampoos I conclude most of the shampoos sachets is sold instead of bottles due to price many of the shampoos companies get 40 % profit from sachets only HUL is occupied 1st place in shampoos market it has low price products to attract rural areas and high price products to be sold in urban areas it occupies 50% of market share. And then calvinkare because it is mainly used by rural areas due to price comparision , calvinkare products are relatively low when compare to any of the other it occupies 19% this are the only 2 leading companies in shampoos market